Mixed diagnoses – 10 cases (3 of 11)

Acute urticaria and angioedema. Acute urticaria is a disorder in which wealing has been present for less than six weeks. It is distinguished from chronic urticaria because the aetiology is different; acute urticaria is more likely to have an exogenous cause. It is often accompanied by angioedema, especially of lips or eyelids.

Acute urticaria may be a specific immunological reaction (allergy) to a food (most often eggs, peanuts or seafood), a drug (most often an antibiotic) or a hymenoptera sting. It can also be due to non-allergic reactions to food (histamine release provoked by salicylates or azo dyes), drugs (salicylates, opiates) or infections (hepatitis, sinusitis and many others) and unknown factors. Some patients will turn out to have chronic urticaria, believed to be autoimmune in origin.

If a specific drug is suspected, it should be discontinued. In this patient, urticaria had been provoked by betahistine (a histamine analogue), prescribed a few days earlier for Meniere disease. The rash settled within 10 days of stopping the drug.

You should explain to the patient that acute urticaria may persist for days to weeks and sometimes fails to improve with antihistamines.

Prescribe a non-sedating antihistamine (loratadine 10mg, cetirizine 10mg or fexofenadine 180mg). Oral steroids do not alter the course of the disease but may be appropriate for 5 to 15 days in very severe cases.