Created 2007.
Ultraviolet-A (UVA) is the name given to the waveband of electromagnetic radiation ranging from 320-400nm. In New Zealand there is 100 times as much UVA as UVB but it has less energy. Solar UVA contributes to sunburn (10%), sun damage and skin cancer.
UVA bulbs are used in sun beds because UVA promotes tanning but is less likely to result in erythema than UVB. However, on its own UVA is ineffective in treating psoriasis and less useful than UVB for atopic dermatitis.
UVA combined with a psoralen photosensitising agent (8-methoxypsoralen or 5-methoxypsoralen) is known as PUVA or photochemotherapy. The combination is more effective than UVB in clearing or controlling a variety of skin diseases. PUVA is available at the larger public hospitals and some private dermatologists’ offices in New Zealand for treating severe skin diseases.
A modified form of PUVA is the combination of oral or topical tripsoralen and exposure to sunlight, but this can be hazardous and is not generally recommended.
Another form of photochemotherapy combines UVB with psoralen and is known as PUVB. Narrowband-UVB combined with 8-methoxypsoralens has recently been shown to be as effective as PUVA but to date there is little experience with PUVB and it will not be considered further in this course.
PUVA units in New Zealand are full body cabinets containing 6' 100W fluorescent low-pressure mercury bulbs. UVA lamps (TL100/209R) have black markings (e.g. FS72T12BLHO). Most units have 36 or 48 bulbs, and may be the same cabinet as BB-UVB and rarely NB-UVB bulbs. Hand and foot units contain 2' bulbs.
Modern units have integrated dosimetry and the time to deliver the correct dose is automatically calculated. For older units, irradiance is checked manually prior to treatment using a specific UVA dosimeter and the treatment time for a specific dose determined according to a spreadsheet.
UVA1
UVA-1 is the name given to the waveband of electromagnetic radiation ranging from 340-400nm while filtering out lower wavelengths.
The long-term risks of high dose UVA1 are uncertain so no more than 10-15 treatments per cycle and two cycles per year are recommended. It appears to be effective in severe acute atopic dermatitis, urticaria pigmentosa, scleroderma and granuloma annulare.
There are to date no UVA1 units in New Zealand.
PUVA is used for more severe long-lasting and resistant disease. Psoriasis or eczema with thick plaques or affecting palms and soles may resist UVB but respond well to PUVA. Patients may change to PUVA after a trial of UVB or commence on PUVA immediately.
As the erythema action spectrum for PUVA has a steep curve, slight increments in dose may result in severe burning. PUVA may be inadvisable for very fair skinned patients because of this risk.
Because of the greater likelihood of photoageing and carcinogenesis, PUVA should not be used in children. It is complicated treatment and should only be used in patients who are able to comprehend and comply with instructions.
Psoralen requires hepatic metabolism and renal excretion therefore should be used in great care in those with hepatic or renal disease. It is not teratogenic, but like other medications should be avoided in pregnancy if possible. It is excreted in breast milk so breast-feeding mothers should not receive PUVA.
Psoralens are a group of natural furocoumarins, commercially derived from Ammi Majus, a plant found in Egypt. They are present in celery, carrots, parsley, parsnip and other vegetables.
| Chemical Name | Trade Name | Use |
|---|---|---|
| 8-MOP Methoxsalen |
Oxsoralen 10mg | Used for oral PUVA |
| Puvapsoralen lotion / paint | Obtained from UK Used for bathwater soaks |
|
| 5-MOP Bergapten |
Psoraderm-5 20mg | Available under Section 29, full cost borne by patient for oral treatment. Indications:
|
| TMP Trimethylpsoralen Trioxsalen |
Tripsor 0.5 mg/5ml | Registered medicine on Drug Tariff Used for oral treatment Small supplies of topical Tripsor Lotion available for localized treatment |
The precise dose of psoralen delivered to the skin after oral ingestion cannot be determined, and serum levels are not routinely measured. However, higher concentrations cause a greater degree of phototoxicity; lower concentrations may prove ineffective.
Peak serum methoxsalen levels vary > 50-fold between patients, and are greater if taken when fasting. The peak serum and skin level is from one to 6 hours after ingestion. Carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbitone reduce the level of methoxsalen. Systemic methoxsalen induces liver enzymes so that it may significantly increase serum levels of concomitant caffeine or theophylline.
For oral 8-MOP, between 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg body weight is usually effective, although some may need more, and others less. For 5-MOP, double this dose is necessary (1 -1.2 mg/kg body weight). Poor response to PUVA can be due to inadequate absorption of the drug or a delay prior to peak levels of psoralen in the skin.
Dose per square metre of body surface area is more accurate, as in the table below.
Psoralen interacts with ultraviolet radiation in the epidermis to form DNA photo-adducts. Maximum activity occurs at a wavelength of 325 nm. The resulting photoproduct:
The main effects of PUVA on normal skin are inflammation (phototoxicity) and melanogenesis (tan). Inflammation reaches a peak 48-96 hours after exposure and lasts days to weeks. It affects both the epidermis (like UVB) and the dermis. It manifests clinically as erythema, oedema and in severe cases, blistering. To avoid inflammation from therapeutic PUVA, accurate dosimetry is necessary.
Melanogenesis due to PUVA is similar to that caused by UVB, i.e. melanin is deposited throughout the epidermis. The extent of melanogenesis is very variable. Deep tan blocks out UVA and can prevent adequate therapeutic effect.
UVA without psoralen (as in tanning booths) results in melanogenesis in the basal layer of the epidermis only. This protects less well against further burning.
The minimal phototoxic dose (MPD) is typically measured as follows.
To establish the appropriate starting dose of UVA, you can:
The development of any phototoxic erythema precludes further dose increments. It may be very difficult or impossible to treat skin phototype 1 patients with PUVA.
The patient should be examined prior to each treatment. Erythema may be localised or generalised. Localised erythema can be protected allowing incremental exposures to the rest of the body, as scheduled, but generalised erythema should result in changes to the schedule.
Inform dermatologist of any significant phototoxic erythema and arrange for examination.
Tanning may necessitate a more aggressive UVA regime.
If treatment is interrupted, UVA doses may need to be reduced to the starting dose or as follows:
One week: hold at previous dose
2 weeks: reduce dose by 25%
3 weeks: reduce dose by 50%
4 weeks or more: restart schedule
A course is completed when the skin disease has cleared or according to a pre-determined maximum number of treatments, commonly 30. Treatment may also be discontinued if there have been unresolved side effects or lack of compliance.
Maintenance therapy is not generally recommended but may be necessary for severe disease or for those who relapse rapidly after stopping treatment. Using a constant dose of methoxsalen and UVA, reduce frequency to weekly for a month then alternate weeks for a month or so. In very rare cases monthly treatment may continue but as tanning is likely to lessen, erythema may arise. Doses should be reduced by 25% per treatment. Occasional a further clearance course becomes necessary if disease flares despite maintenance.
Plaques of psoriasis should be thinning by 6 treatments, by 20 treatments the psoriasis should be 75% improved and it should be 95% clear by 30 treatments. Consider testing MPD and/or increasing the methoxsalen dose in patients who fail to clear or substantially improve with PUVA; if so, hold the UVA dose for one or two exposures. Other treatment options should be considered.
PUVA may be recommenced on relapse, depending on the severity of the disease, other treatment options and individual factors. If there is a significant tan, PUVA should be withheld until it has disappeared (at least 2 months).
Some areas of skin disease may prove more resistant to PUVA than others, often because of prior sun exposure. Commonly, in patients with psoriasis, additional UVA is delivered to the lower limbs, nails and hands starting after about the 6th treatment. After the whole-body dose has been given, the patient dresses up to protect the rest of the body from further exposure. An extra 25-50% of the day’s dose is delivered to the resistant sites.
Many patients are treated with additional topical or systemic therapy. In some cases additive benefit has been demonstrated by clinical trials. For example, adding emollients, coal tar ointment or calcipotriol ointment and/or oral acitretin or methotrexate can reduce the number of PUVA treatments required to clear psoriasis. Occasionally UVB is added.
Emollients applied to scaly skin immediately before exposure to UVA must not act as sunscreens. Coconut oil is satisfactory. Peanut oil should be avoided because of the risk of anaphylaxis.
Psoralen can be applied to small areas as a cream or lotion or the area to be treated can be soaked in a dilute solution 3mg/l (bathwater PUVA). The bathwater solution distributes the psoralen evenly within the skin. This is particularly useful for treating hand and foot dermatoses but some centres use bathwater PUVA for generalised skin disease to reduce nausea. Topical psoralens are extremely photosensitising, therefor very low doses of UVA must be used.
If topical trioxsalen is used, exposure to UVA should be 10 minutes after application using very low doses (starting at 0.1 J/cm2).
Bathwater soaks in methoxsalen solution should be for 15 minutes, followed by exposure to UVA 15 minutes later using similar dose regimen to oral PUVA.
Unsightly pigmentation may arise especially in darker skin types. Phototoxic reactions are quite common and can include blistering especially on areas of friction. Photosensitivity may persist for several days so patients must protect the treated areas from exposure to natural sunlight.
Create a proforma to record PUVA patient treatment details and monitor safety.
Information for patients
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